Primary & Secondary ModCast

Dave Agata, Doug Deaton, and Matt Landfair discuss how the media has been manipulating messages regarding recent high-profile events. Links to research resources below.

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Model Policies and Guides
National Consensus Policy on Use of Force (2020).
https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/National_Consensus_Policy_On_Use_Of_Force%2007102020%20v3.pdf
U.S. Department of Justice – Updated Use of Force Policy (2022).
https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2022/05/23/departments_updated_use-of-force_policy.pdf
Police Executive Research Forum. (2015). Guiding Principles on Use of Force.
https://www.policeforum.org/assets/30%20guiding%20principles.pdf
Case Law
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/1/
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/490/386/
Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765 (2014).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/572/765/
Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7 (2015).
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/577/7/
Barnes v. Felix, 605 U.S. ___ (2025).
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/24pdf/23-1239_onjq.pdf
Books
Artwohl, A., & Christensen, L. W. (2019). Deadly Force Encounters: Cops & Citizens Defending Themselves and Others. https://a.co/d/0crWyVDl
Patrick, U. W., & Hall, J. C. (2017). In Defense of Self and Others: Issues, Facts & Fallacies - The Realities of Law Enforcement’s Use of Deadly Force. https://a.co/d/0e2qglzp
Articles
Christina L. Patton et al., The Influence of Police Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force, J. Police & Crim. Psychol. (2017). https://tinyurl.com/4yu84kwh
David M. Blake, Cognitive Bias and Use of Force Investigations, 9 Investigative Sciences Journal. (June 2017). https://tinyurl.com/4uypv2kk
Lexipol Media Group. (2021). Improving Officer Safety and Reducing Risk During Non-Compliant Traffic Stops. Police1.com. https://tinyurl.com/5dc4343b
M. Hunter Martaindale et al., @#%$!: The Impact of Officer Profanity on Civilians’ Perception of What Constitutes Reasonable Use of Force, 26 Police Quarterly 194 (2023). https://tinyurl.com/yc7bds3x
Matthew J. Sharps et al., Police Profanity and Public Judgments of Guilt and Effectiveness in Officer-Involved Shootings, J. Police & Crim. Psych. (2018). https://tinyurl.com/4na7uvh5
Parham, W. (2022). 10 Tips for Felony/High Risk Traffic Stops. Police Magazine. https://www.policemag.com/blogs/patrol/blog/15307802/10-tips-for-felonyhigh-risk-traffic-stops
Simon Baldwin et al., A Reasonable Officer: Examining the Relationships Among Stress, Training, and Performance in a Highly Realistic Lethal Force Scenario, 12 Frontiers Psychol. 759132 (2022). https://tinyurl.com/ykvpc925
Wolf, D. (2023). 7 Ways to Maintain Safety Around a Suspect’s Vehicle. Police1.com. https://tinyurl.com/3d2x3p93

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